Cominciamo con questo procedimento logico:
I delfini sono mammiferi.
I delfini abitano i mari.
Qualche abitante dei mari è un mammifero.
In questo procedimento i termini sono tre:
delfini, abitanti dei mari e mammiferi.
Tre sono ancora le proposizioni che compongono il ragionamento: le due premesse (i delfini sono mammiferi – i delfini abitanti dei mari) e una conclusione (qualche abitante dei mari è un mammifero).
L’intera struttura ripropone ciò che vale per il principio di identità: due cose uguali ad una terza sono uguali tra di loro.
Il principio di identità si integra con il
principio di discrepanza.
Due cose delle quali nessuna o una soltanto delle due si identifica con una terza sono differenti tra di loro.
In tutto questo è evidente l’aspetto ternario di ogni ragionamento.
· I termini presenti in un ragionamento (che d’ora in avanti chiameremo raziocinio) sono il termine maggiore, il termine minore e il termine medio.
La dinamica di questa operazione logica consiste nel confrontare il termine maggiore con termine medio, e ancora il termine minore con quello medio.
Nella frase conclusiva non compare più il termine medio (come se avesse già esaurito la sua funzione di intermediario e si confrontano in un giudizio finale il termine maggiore con il termine minore).
NOTE AGGIUNTIVE:
Il sillogismo può essere espresso in forma concisa. L'argomento di Duns Scoto, docente all'Università di Oxford (egli è chiamato anche per questo Dott. Subtilis) e autore di questa formulazione per dimostrare il privilegio della Immacolata Concezione per la Beata Vergine Maria:
Potuit.
Decuit.
Fecit.
Fu possibile.
Fu conveniente.
Fu fatto.
La triplicità dei termini che fanno parte del sillogismo è rimarcata dalla prima regola che dice così: Terminus esto triples: maior mediusque minorque. - I termini devono essere tre: maggiore, medio e minore.
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(english version)
I lesson in classical logic
Main point is to refer to the number 3
We start with this logical procedure:
The dolphins are mammalian.
The dolphins live the seas.
Some inhabitant of the seas is a mammal.
In this procedure the terms are three:
dolphins, inhabitants of the seas and mammals.
Three are still the propositions that compose the reasoning:
the two premises
(the dolphins are mammalian - the dolphins inhabitants of the seas)
and a conclusion (some inhabitant of the seas is a mammal).
The whole structure proposes what is worth for the principle of identity: two equal things to a third thing are equal between them. The principle of identity integrates with the principle of discrepancy. Two things of which anybody or only one of the two is identified with a third thing are different between them.
In all of this it is evident the ternary aspect of every reasoning.
- The present terms in a reasoning (that we call "ratiocination") are the greater term, the smaller term and the middle term.
The dynamic of this logical operation consists of comparing the greater term with middle term, and in the end the smaller term with that middle one.
In the conclusive sentence the middle term doesn't appear (as if it had already ended its function of intermediary and they are compared in a final judgment the greater term with the smaller term).
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
The syllogism can be expressed in the concisest form. Duns Scoto, teacher in the Oxford University (he has also called for this reason Doctor Subtilis), is author of this formulation to prove the privilege of the Immaculate Conception for the Blessed Virgo Maria:
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(english version)
I lesson in classical logic
Main point is to refer to the number 3
We start with this logical procedure:
The dolphins are mammalian.
The dolphins live the seas.
Some inhabitant of the seas is a mammal.
In this procedure the terms are three:
dolphins, inhabitants of the seas and mammals.
Three are still the propositions that compose the reasoning:
the two premises
(the dolphins are mammalian - the dolphins inhabitants of the seas)
and a conclusion (some inhabitant of the seas is a mammal).
The whole structure proposes what is worth for the principle of identity: two equal things to a third thing are equal between them. The principle of identity integrates with the principle of discrepancy. Two things of which anybody or only one of the two is identified with a third thing are different between them.
In all of this it is evident the ternary aspect of every reasoning.
- The present terms in a reasoning (that we call "ratiocination") are the greater term, the smaller term and the middle term.
The dynamic of this logical operation consists of comparing the greater term with middle term, and in the end the smaller term with that middle one.
In the conclusive sentence the middle term doesn't appear (as if it had already ended its function of intermediary and they are compared in a final judgment the greater term with the smaller term).
ADDITIONAL NOTES:
The syllogism can be expressed in the concisest form. Duns Scoto, teacher in the Oxford University (he has also called for this reason Doctor Subtilis), is author of this formulation to prove the privilege of the Immaculate Conception for the Blessed Virgo Maria:
Potuit.
Decuit.
Fecit.
It was possible.
It was convenient.
It was done.
The number is in relief from the first rule that says: Terminus esto triples: maior mediusque minorque. - The terms have to be three: greater, middle and smaller.
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